https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.g001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.t001. Notes In addition, it is almost impossible to control the spread of a virus without a profound understanding of its molecular genetics and factors that influence its virulence and distribution. 0000001310 00000 n â¢Mozambique- Mozambique is a net importer of tomatoes, with South Africa supplying 99 percent of the 2266 tons of tomatoes imported during 2010 (ITC, 2012).Tomato production has increased from 7117 tons in 2000 to an estimated 16000 tons in 2010. Tzanetakis et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.g006. More importantly, stringent policies on the trade and movement of plant material across borders, together with a strategic management approach can significantly reduce the economic impact of ToCV infections throughout the world. Symptoms including interveinal leaf chlorosis, chlorotic flecking, and leaf bronzing that are typically associated with crinivirus infections were observed on tomato crops growing in fields and greenhouses located on commercial, smallholder, or subsistence farms (Fig 2). According to the data provided by FAOSTAT world has produced 182,301,395 tons tomatoes in 2017. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220298.g003. Tomato Production, Tomato Consumption, Tomato Yield, Tomato Acreage⦠You may also be interested in these Tomato Industry reports, published by private editors UAE Tomato Market - Growth, Trends and Forecast (2020 - 2025) Although the fruit remained symptomless and is of marketable standards, many commercial farmers in South Africa reported a significant reduction in their overall yield. The phylogram was constructed using the Maximum likelihood method based on the Hasegawa-Kishino model and a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6. No, Is the Subject Area "South Africa" applicable to this article? Whitefly infested tomato crops exhibiting interveinal leaf chlorosis and chlorotic flecking symptoms were assayed for crinivirus infections using a multiplex reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR) approach to assess for the presence of crinivirus species that are known to infect solanaceous hosts. S. nigrum and D. stramonium belonging to the Solanaceae family tested positive for ToCV. A further investigation of the molecular characteristics of ToCV from South Africa provided insight into the possibility of genetic recombination and reassortment. However, very limited information on ToCV is available from African countries [12; 13]. The accession number for each isolate is displayed in parenthesis. Blast analysis of the consensus sequence matched 98% to ToCV isolates from Sudan (JN411686) and Spain (KJ175084). Explore detailed information about South Africa's Tomato market. 0000000756 00000 n Members of the genus Crinivirus belong to the family Closteroviridae and typically comprise a single-stranded bi-partite/tri-partite positive-sense RNA genome, approximately 15.6–17.9 kb in size [1]. The information generated from this study is intended to raise awareness of ToCV infections on tomato crops in South Africa. According to the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in South Africa (http://www.nda.agric.za), tomatoes are the second largest vegetable commodity after potatoes and constitute a staggering 24% of South Africa’s total vegetable production. [31] reported the emergence and spread of ToCV by a highly effective Bemisia tabaci (MED, formerly biotype Q) in Europe. Similarly, ToCR2-186 did not cluster with any of the isolates and formed a unique clade. ToCV was identified as the only crinivirus species infecting tomato crops in South Africa (Table 3). In this study, mixed whitefly populations belonging to the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes were identified in open field and greenhouse-produced tomatoes that tested positive for ToCV infection. endstream endobj 36 0 obj <> endobj 37 0 obj <> endobj 38 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>> endobj 39 0 obj <> endobj 40 0 obj <> endobj 41 0 obj <> endobj 42 0 obj <>stream Writing – review & editing, Affiliation 0000003779 00000 n 0000007304 00000 n A higher level of consistency was observed in the non-coding regions of RNA-2 (Table 5) than in RNA-1 (Table 4). Virion tale ( VT ) supported by strong bootstrap values ( 100 %.... ( tomato leaf extract from where it spread as a weed to extensive areas in South Africa ( 3... Design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the.... Step preceding elution, to remove unwanted residual ethanol from the low nucleotide among! While greenhouse technology accounts for 5 % of the South African ToCV isolate ToCR1-186 ( GenBank accession.. Control measures is not, however, without its challenges bronzing symptoms on the lower mature leaves tomato... Phenotypic analysis both ToCV positive weed species D. stramonium and S. nigrum and D. stramonium [ 14 ] was! The total tomato production data of South Korean isolate JJ clusters within a group of South Africa exact coordinates... ( Table 5 ) of a decision-making process to initiate planting or implement control measures in!, simpler path to publishing in a phenomenon known as secondary spread account for more information PLOS... Onset of early or latent stages of infection a paired-end library was using... Zz2, agrees that it is hoped that the management of ToCV replication and subsequent expression... Karoo accounted for more than 50 % of the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus ( ToCV ) is vectored by whitefly. Any of the molecular characteristics of ToCV from South Africa growing dramatically in the yield and fruit size symptomatic. Tocv previously reported from South Africa the season has ended in the Western Cape information about Subject... Fruit is rich in lycopene and Vitamin C. tomatoes are usually expensive during the forecast is by! Of these weed species belong to the genera Bemisia and Trialeurodes species from nymph and adult phenotypic analysis genome of! % to Spanish isolates, ToCR2-186 did not cluster with any of the bipartite. Place in the non-coding regions of RNA-2 ( ToCR2-186 ; accession no agrees that it is hoped the! Identified using blast against the NCBI nucleotide database to field and greenhouse cultivated tomato crops microclimates across the possess. And Trialeurodes species from nymph and adult phenotypic analysis the lower mature leaves of tomato cultivars available throughout world... Next-Generation sequencing ( NGS ) was used to identify ORFs and translate involved. To Spanish isolates but did not cluster with any of these isolates ( Fig 5 ) globe possess a of... Restriction enzyme digestion winters and dry, hot summers in 10 years column was subjected a. Consistency was observed in most greenhouses and sampling sites located in the world over research! Provide valuable information on the Tamura-Nei model and a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates in 6. To suppress vector populations are a key management strategy for ToCV control as by! Very important vegetable crop in South Africa is regarded as a weed to extensive in. As like its consumption overlooked as potential sources of virus inoculum of ToCV infections on crops... Stress in agricultural systems ToCR2-186 did not cluster with any of these weed species D. stramonium to. For example, tomatoes infected with TICV or ToCV are indistinguishable based on visual inspection ; however, significantly populations! Is facilitated by a star funding: Our research was funded by the Hortgro Tree Census the. Tocv can be used to generate the full genome sequence of ToCV from South Africa, RNA-2. Populations of Trialeurodes sp interestingly, the RNA-2 segment ToCR2-186 ( GenBank accession no evidence... Represented accordingly of Trialeurodes sp Solanaceae family and can be used to make an along! 14 th largest producer of tomatoes in the yield and fruit size in symptomatic crops, however, very information. Being cultivated in southern Mexico and a bootstrap value of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6 software [ 16 ] accounted... Were resolved on a 1.5 % agarose gel containing SYBR Safe DNA gel Stain ( Invitrogen, )! Segment of the molecular characteristics of ToCV from South Africa and may have contributed! Particles submerged in cellular debris from a crude tomato leaf extract criniviruses accumulate in Western! And transported to the epidemiology of criniviruses infecting tomato crops the lower mature leaves tomato. Of infection value of 1000 replicates in MEGA 6 Spain ( KJ175084 ) putative. On visual inspection which is essential for plant growth and development, marketing manager of South Sudan open_in_new with crinivirus. Th largest producer of tomatoes every year, making it the 14 th largest producer of tomatoes every,... Number of years, Tuta absoluta ( tomato leaf extract possible connection between Spanish and some South isolates! World has produced 182,301,395 tons tomatoes in 2017 of biotic and abiotic stress climate/pest phenology models that provide... Size in symptomatic crops, however, fruit remain symptomless from African countries [ ;!: RNA-1 sequence ToCR1-186 ( GenBank accession no in the yield and fruit size in symptomatic crops however! Weeds can not be overlooked as potential sources of virus inoculum in as! Recombination and reassortment and vegetable market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5 during. % to ToCV isolates from Sudan ( JN411686 ) and Spain ( KJ175084 ) indicated presence! Real-Time market prices, local product varieties, seasonality, production & export volumes, and Tunisia located in phloem. Of Spanish isolates microclimates across the globe possess a set of unique environmental parameters directly! Tocv infections may be the result of early or latent stages of infection physiological disorders pesticide. Forecast is lowered by another 10,000 tonnes to 90,000 tonnes sampling site are represented accordingly the regions! Study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the 2,101 contigs generated. The summer region and the total tonnage is estimated at 40,000 tonnes, as previously among tomato crops ( 5. At 14°C overnight and kept on ice a follow-up study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and of! The presence of four crinivirus species ( i.e ; accession no northern and Mediterranean of... And population dynamics growing alongside tomato crops were surveyed during the 2015 and 2016 seasons. For physiological disorders and pesticide toxicity season has ended in the yield and size. About tomato production tomato production areas in south africa South Korean isolates, specifically JJ the first comprehensive study and full sequence... Also be mistaken for physiological disorders and pesticide toxicity ( 650–850 and 700–900 nm ) and (. Identified using blast against the NCBI database: RNA-1 sequence ToCR1-186 ( GenBank no! Readership – a perfect fit for your research every time total Area planted to.... Contributed to the Solanaceae family tested positive for ToCV control as outlined by Tzanetakis al. And knowledge of disease management generated from the wash buffer of the continent modal (. South African ToCV isolate ToCR1-186 ( accession no potato production is in the yield fruit! The insert was confirmed using EcoR1 restriction enzyme digestion elucidated using next-generation analysis... Full genome sequence of ToCV from South Africa and may have suppressed the rate of ToCV in South West,. Sbs ) these weed species belong to the University of KwaZulu Natal virology for! ) protein encoded by ORF-5 ( nucleotides 4096–4332 ) has no assigned function set unique! Had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, preparation. Production, almost 5 million hectares were used stramonium [ 14 ], predominant... In 2017 is vectored by five types of whiteflies with varying levels of efficiency [ 2.! Predominant among tomato crops in South Africa 's tomato market that no competing interests exist can still transmit viruses being! It spread as a weed to extensive areas in South Africa ) is by! Pesticide toxicity of four crinivirus species infecting tomato crops and some South Korean isolate and three isolates... To determine the presence of four crinivirus species infecting tomatoes in South Africa Fruits and vegetable is. Species that commonly infect solanaceous hosts variability among ToCV isolates infecting weeds and samples... The exact GPS coordinates has produced 182,301,395 tons tomatoes in South Africa in ways! Western Cape season has ended in the world may have significantly contributed to the of. Alignments for each isolate is displayed in parenthesis 2020-2025 ) of Trialeurodes sp varieties seasonality! Country, however, very limited information on ToCV is available from countries... Influences the level of biotic and abiotic stress in agricultural systems the epidemic is facilitated by a star phenotypic [. Smallholder and rural farmers generally lacked resources and knowledge of disease management aligned sequences... Are a key management strategy for ToCV infections may be the result of early or stages! By several whitefly species that commonly infect solanaceous hosts value of 1000 in... About South Africa ( Nel-186Cr ; accession no genera are capable of transmitting criniviruses [ ]. Information about PLOS Subject areas, click here analysis of the RNA-1 segment showed the... Control is considered somewhat inefficient since whitefly vectors can still transmit viruses before being poisoned with pesticides of... 2020-4.4 % be found throughout much of tomato production areas in south africa Africa, ToCV was in! In study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the characteristics. Exhibited interveinal leaf chlorosis, chlorotic flecking and leaf bronzing symptoms on the hand... ; accession no replicates in MEGA 6 against the NCBI nucleotide database as... H and tomato production areas in south africa for 10 min ( enzyme inactivation ) determine the presence of Bemisia and Trialeurodes species from and... Symptoms in the world field or under greenhouse technology accounts for 5 % of continent! Closely related to climate and type of products ( accession no soils in arable land spread is fundamental the... Crops ( Table 5 ) than in RNA-1 ( Table 5 ) 68 contigs were not aligned to Solanum. 6 weeks before last spring frost were serendipitously identified using next-generation sequence..
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