But in short (in chronological order): 1. By June 1918 this force had survived great difficulties from the infamous Russian winter, fighting the ‘First Kuban Campaign’ or the ‘Ice March’, a near-continuous battle and movement against the Reds that lasted over fifty days and saw their commander Kornilov (who may have attempted a coup in 1917) killed. The latter, only 205 miles (330 km) from Moscow, was the closest the AFSR would come to its target. [24] The Second Polish Republic, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia formed their own armies immediately after the abolition of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty and the start of the Soviet westward offensive in November 1918.[25]. Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol. The Civil War was effectively over by November 1920, although pockets of resistance struggled on for a few more years. However, the perceived threat of another intervention, combined with the failure of socialist revolutions in other countries—most notably the German Revolution—contributed to the continued militarisation of Soviet society. Civil War broke out in Russia in late 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution. The Baku Soviet Commune ended its existence and was replaced by the Central Caspian Dictatorship. These advances were later checked with the Eastern Front counteroffensive, the Southern Front counteroffensive, and defeat of the Northwestern Army. the causes of bolshevik victory in the civil war Posted on June 22, 2016 by MSW Although the Bolsheviks ultimately won the civil war, their victory at the outset was by no means assured, nor did it seem so to weary contemporaries. The Red Army, backed by the Bolshevik government, defeated the White Army, which represented a large group of loosely allied forces includ… The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin’s Bolsheviks. This opposition came from indigenous people, Czechs legions in Russia, and the West. The two largest combatant groups fought over the control of Russia’s political future: the Red Army, known as the Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin’s leadership, and the White Army which had foreign influence. A biography of Kaledin (in Russian), "Ukraine – World War I and the struggle for independence", 100 years ago Bakhmut and the rest of Donbass liberated, "The Ukrainian Navy and the Crimean Issue in 1917–18", War Without Fronts: Atamans and Commissars in Ukraine, 1917–1919, "Workers' Organizations in the Russian Revolution", "Distinguished Service Order citation for Bruce in the 1920, https://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_22_2_03_mentzel.pdf, "Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917", And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930, ‘If Grandma had Whiskers … ’: Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? This meant that only one person controlled the whole country. Fierce fighting took place at the key rail junction of Kastornoye, which was taken on 15 November; Kursk was retaken two days later.[65]. The Soviets engaged non-Russian peoples in Central Asia, like Magaza Masanchi, commander of the Dungan Cavalry Regiment, to fight against the Basmachis. The Bolsheviks stimulated further opposition when they signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. By 1921 cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of normal. During this conference a regional bureau of Muslim organisations of the Russian Bolshevik Party was formed. Most of my knowledge is from the Finnish Civil War which happened at the same time and was strongly connected to the Russian Civil War, but much of the weapons available and used was also widely used in the Russian Civil War. In Moscow a Left SR uprising was put down by the Bolsheviks, using Cheka military detachments. [30] The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful, and many leaders were arrested. In May 1918, the Czech Legion in Russia revolted in Siberia. The Ottoman Army of Islam (in coalition with Azerbaijan) drove them out of Baku on 26 July 1918. The Bolsheviks saw the war as a struggle between their workers and Russia’s upper and middle classes, and as a war of socialism against international capitalism. Vol I". The armies under Kolchak were eventually forced on a mass retreat east. [51] Despite setbacks due to British invasions during 1918, the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence. [33] The White Russians supported this government body, which lasted several months because of Bolshevik troop isolation from Moscow. The transport from the Eastern Front to Vladivostok slowed down in the chaos, and the troops became dispersed all along the Trans-Siberian Railway. In September 1919 a White offensive was launched against the Tobol front, the last attempt to change the course of events. After seizing control of Russia from the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks had to safeguard their fragile grip on the reins of power. The Whites urged them to stay, claiming that the Reds were a major threat to Europe, but after a series of peace initiatives failed the European intervention was scaled back. • The civil war caused shortages, famine and disease - millions died. The Bolsheviks appointed political commissars to each unit of the Red Army to maintain morale and to ensure loyalty. The Communist Party did not completely dismantle this group until 1934.[75]. In November, Alexander Kolchak launched a coup to take control of the Russian State, establishing a de facto military dictatorship. Mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed. White resistance was sporadic for two years until the collapse of the White Army in Yakut in June 1923, but went on in Central Asia and Khabarovsk Krai. The Ukrainian Soviet government was nearly powerless in the face of a centralized monolith Communist Party apparatus based in Moscow. There were many cruel atrocities. At this point Yudenich, short of supplies, decided to call off the siege of the city and withdrew, repeatedly asking permission to withdraw his army across the border to Estonia. However, because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers, they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately due to public outcry, and a successful takeover of this government body took place two months later in November. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. The Reds were also able to tap into the Tsarist mindset to dominate. The remoteness of the Volga Region, the Ural Region, Siberia and the Far East was favorable for the anti-Bolshevik forces, and the Whites set up a number of organizations in the cities of these regions. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. The first regional congress of the Russian Communist Party convened in the city of Tashkent in June 1918 in order to build support for a local Bolshevik Party.[52]. After overthrowing the centuries-old Romanov monarchy, Russia emerged from a civil war in 1921 as the newly formed Soviet Union. Timely: The 1920 Russian Civil War in Siberia December 27, 2020 The Lawsuit to challenge the Scamdemic December 27, 2020 Christmas & AntiChristness December 27, 2020 The Russian Empire fought in World War I from 1914 alongside France and the United Kingdom (Triple Entente) against Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (Central Powers). Their military forces, bolstered by forced conscriptions and terror[18] as well as foreign influence, under the leadership of General Nikolai Yudenich, Admiral Alexander Kolchak and General Anton Denikin, became known as the White movement (sometimes referred to as the "White Army") and controlled significant parts of the former Russian Empire for most of the war. Consequently, they failed to pull together in a unified front and were forced to operate independently. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. [50] Although this move seemed to solidify Bolshevik power in Central Asia, more troubles soon arose for the Red Army as the Allied Forces began to intervene. Most of the fighting in this period was on a small scale. The first period lasted from the Revolution until the Armistice. With the end of the war, the Communist Party no longer faced an acute military threat to its existence and power. Armed independence movements in the newly declared republics of Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan were crushed, and large portions added to the new USSR. The White front had no depth or stability—it had become a series of patrols with occasional columns of slowly advancing troops without reserves. The Russian Civil War. The Whites were rooted in the old Tsarist and monarchical regime, while Russia’s masses had moved on. Kolchak and multiple armies attacked from the Urals towards the west made some gains, got bogged down in the thawing snow, and were pushed well back beyond the mountains. Losing the War. General Anatoly Pepelyayev continued armed resistance in the Ayano-Maysky District until June 1923. The high tide of the White movement against the Soviets had been reached in September 1919. Or, the Constraints and Conceits of Counterfactual History, Newsreels about Russian Civil War // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, 1914-1918-online. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the Glazov–Chistopol–Bugulma–Buguruslan–Sharlyk line. After seizing control of Russia from the Provisional Government, the Bolsheviks had to safeguard their fragile grip on the reins of power. China is one of the great nations that have gone through a lot of revolutions. "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process. • The Red Army invaded Poland in 1921, but was defeated and driven back. Japanese troops had also landed in the Far East, while in late 1918 the French arrived through the south in the Crimea and British in the Caucuses. Having stated in the November 1917 "Declaration of Rights of Nations of Russia" that any nation under imperial Russian rule should be immediately given the power of self-determination, the Bolsheviks had begun to usurp the power of the Provisional Government in the territories of Central Asia soon after the establishment of the Turkestan Committee in Tashkent. For example, cotton production fell to 5%, and iron to 2%, of pre-war levels. Trotsky armed all available workers, men and women, ordering the transfer of military forces from Moscow. Among those campaigning for a war effort was Winston Churchill. In January 1918, after significant Bolshevik reverses in combat, the future People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Leon Trotsky headed the reorganization of the Red Guards into a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in order to create a more effective fighting force. The number of horses declined from 35 million in 1916 to 24 million in 1920 and cattle from 58 to 37 million. They outnumbered and outproduced their opponent's thanks to holding the core of Russia, and could defeat their enemies piecemeal. Losing the War. From the time of Peter I (Peter the Great), the czardom increasingly became an autocratic bureaucracy that imposed its will on the people by force, with wanton disregard for There were also three main periods of the war. [88], At the end of the Civil War the Russian SFSR was exhausted and near ruin. By this time Denikin's forces were dangerously overextended. Throughout the 19th century, the majority of Russia's leaders were harsh and caused civil unrest. The Civil War started shortly after Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution, although the first rumblings can be said to have started with the march on Petrograd by Tsarist army Commander-in-Chief, Lavr Kornilov. Последние бои на Дальнем Востоке. "[citation needed] It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20% of the pre-World War level, and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline. They now came under the command of General Denikin. By July the authority of the Komuch extended over much of the area controlled by the Czechoslovak Legion. A loose confederation of a… An attempt by Komuch, the Siberian Provisional Government and others in the east to form a unified government produced a five-man Directory. The initial groups that fought against the Communists were local Cossack armies that had declared their loyalty to the Provisional Government. The Japanese, who had plans to annex the Amur Krai, finally pulled their troops out as Bolshevik forces gradually asserted control over the Russian Far East. There were three reasons why Civil War broke out in Russia in 1918. In the field the Cheka special investigations forces, termed the Special Punitive Department of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combat of Counter-Revolution and Sabotage or Special Punitive Brigades, followed the Red Army, conducting field tribunals and summary executions of soldiers and officers who deserted, retreated from their positions or failed to display sufficient offensive zeal. Both sides had victories and losses, but by the middle of summer the Red Army was larger than the White Army and had managed to recapture territory previously lost.[58]. The major failure of 1920 was the attack on Poland, which followed Polish attacks into disputed areas during 1919 and early 1920. Within a few weeks the Red Army defending Petrograd had tripled in size and outnumbered Yudenich three to one. After the capture of Tsaritsyn, Wrangel pushed towards Saratov but Trotsky, seeing the danger of the union with Kolchak, against whom the Red command was concentrating large masses of troops, repulsed his attempts with heavy losses. The allied powers intervened in the civil war on the side of the white army to renew the war efforts in Russia against the Germans. [70] In March 1920 her remnants crossed the border into the Northwestern region of China. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii)[1] was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. At the same time Denikin's Armed Forces of South Russia (AFSR) completed the elimination of Red forces in the northern Caucasus and advanced towards Tsaritsyn. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. However, weaponry and equipment were still imported to the Whites. On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army. ", Smele, Jonathan D. "‘If Grandma had Whiskers...': Could the Anti-Bolsheviks have won the Russian Revolutions and Civil Wars? [73], After the defeat of Wrangel, the Red Army immediately repudiated its 1920 treaty of alliance with Nestor Makhno and attacked the anarchist Black Army; the campaign to liquidate Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists began with an attempted assassination of Makhno by Cheka agents. The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920. Autocracy was being used in the government. By 1919 they had begun to run short of supplies. Here is the whole story. By 19 October Yudenich's troops had reached the outskirts of the city. However, he did not gain the necessary support for the endeavour. A ‘Government of South Russia’ under Vrangel was formed in the region as the remainder fought on and advanced out but were pushed back. [1]:29 The Soviets recaptured Rostov on the next day. So hard, in fact, that it led to the end of the Russian Empire. The Bolshevik Party continued to try to gain support among the native population by giving them the impression of better representation for the Central Asian population and throughout the end of the year were able to maintain harmony with the Central Asian people. [37] Even before the failed summer offensive the Russian population was very skeptical about the continuation of the war. This civil war is often said to have started in 1918, but bitter fighting began in 1917. Russian Civil War (1918–20), conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government led by Vladimir Lenin against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. [53] Baltic German volunteers captured Riga from the Red Latvian Riflemen on 22 May, but the Estonian 3rd Division defeated the Baltic Germans a month later, aiding the establishment of the Republic of Latvia.[54]. More evacuations then took place: nearly 150,000 fled by sea, and the Bolsheviks shot tens of thousands of those left behind. Britain intervened in support of the White forces to defeat the Bolsheviks and prevent the spread of communism across Europe. Within a month the Czechoslovak Legion controlled most of the Trans-Siberian Railroad between Lake Baikal and the Ural regions. By mid-December 1918 White armies had to leave Ufa, but they balanced this failure with a successful drive towards Perm, which they took on 24 December. [59] Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December. France and Italy urged a major military intervention, Britain and the US much less. [64] The Cossack Don Army under the command of Gen. Vladimir Sidorin continued north towards Voronezh, but there Semyon Budyonny's cavalrymen defeated them on 24 October. These émigrés included a large percentage of the educated and skilled population of Russia. A number of geopolitical factors that emerged in the wake of the Second World War, pitting Russia against the U.S. World War II ended with the Soviet Union and United States as allies that triumphed over Nazi Germany. Germany landed its Caucasus Expedition troops in Poti on 8 June. Kolchek then created a military dictatorship. But, the … Meanwhile, World War 1 had ended, and the European states engaged in foreign intervention suddenly found their key motivation had evaporated. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987), Howard Fuller, "Great Britain and Russia’s Civil War:“The Necessity for a Definite and Coherent Policy”. The situation soon broke down into rebel forces dominating some regions and the Reds, under a puppet Ukrainian leader, holding others. A look at the historical factors that caused a building effect of events that were a precursor to the Russian Civil War. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. [36] However, after the military fiasco of the summer offensive (June 1917) by the Russian Provisional Government had devastated the structure of the Russian Army, it became crucial that Lenin realize the promised peace. The Armed Forces of South Russia were thus created. The Bolshevik victory ensured the supremacy of the Russian Communists in the nascent Soviet Union. Other forces fought against both these groups or sometimes helped one against the other. The attack was well-executed, using night attacks and lightning cavalry maneuvers to turn the flanks of the defending Red Army. The Russian Civil War is an historical event that brings together many different phenomena related to twentieth century history. The Don Cossacks, after initial problems, rose and seized control of their region and started pushing out. He himself gave up command after the loss of Omsk and designated Gen. Grigory Semyonov as the new leader of the White Army in Siberia. In view of this, on 18 February 1918 the Germans began Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, encountering virtually no resistance in a campaign that lasted 11 days. Consequently, when the Soviet counteroffensive began in January 1919 under the Bolshevik leader Antonov-Ovseenko, the Cossack forces rapidly fell apart. "Reconsidering the Ukrainian Revolution 1917–1921: The Dialectics of National Liberation and Social Emancipation. Deniken, with his ‘Volunteer Army’ and the Kuban Cossacks, had great success with limited numbers against larger, but weaker, Soviet forces in the Caucasus and Kuban, destroying a whole Soviet army. Russian Civil War - Russian Civil War - Foreign intervention: The Allied governments now had to decide on their policy in the confused Russian situation. To meet this danger the Allies intervened with Great Britain and France sending troops into Russian ports. A failed military coup by General Lavr Kornilov in September 1917 led to a surge in support for the Bolshevik party, who gained majorities in the soviets, which until then had been controlled by the Socialist Revolutionaries. Leon Trotsky soon reformed the Red Army, concluding the first of two military alliances with the anarchists. The Northwestern Army, under Yudenich advanced out of the Baltic and threatened St. Petersburg before his ‘allied’ elements went their own way and disrupted the attack, which was pushed back and collapsed. The worker’s revolt the Reds were anticipating didn’t happen, and the Soviet army was ejected. between ‘monist’ and pluralist or between ethnic and linguistic categories) are highly misleading in Ukraine. The houses are crumbling. This time Red forces had no escape, and by the beginning of 1919 the whole Northern Caucasus was controlled by the Volunteer Army. General Wrangel had gathered the remnants of Denikin's armies, occupying much of the Crimea. Great Britain sent three prominent military leaders to the area. There was a civil war in 1918 because there was increasing opposition to the Bolsheviks. The Red Army captured Kiev on 3 February 1919.[60]. The main body of White forces, the Volunteers and the Don Army, pulled back towards the Don, to Rostov. Causes and Effects of Chinese Civil War. Orlando Figes, Revolutionary Russia, 2014. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. Although Great Britain had withdrawn its own troops from the theatre, it continued to give significant military aid (money, weapons, food, ammunition and some military advisers) to the White Armies during 1919. Major Ewen Cameron Bruce of the British Army had volunteered to command a British tank mission assisting the White Army. Russia started the war with the word's largest army: approximately 5 million soldiers once they were fully mobilized. The Whites were loath to recognize land reforms, so didn’t convert the peasants to their cause, and were loath to recognize nationalist movements, so largely lost their support. December 18 th - France enters the Russian Civil War by sending troops to the city of Odessa in alliance with the Whites. At the start of 1919, the Reds attacked Ukraine, where rebel socialists and Ukrainian nationalists who wanted the region to be independent fought back. With the help of the Kiev Arsenal Uprising, the Bolsheviks captured the city on 26 January. The Russian economy was massively damaged, leading to Lenin’s pragmatic retreat into the market forces of the New Economic Policy. Share Another reason was 9/11. Despite the Bolsheviks' seizure of power, they lost to the Socialist Revolutionary Party in the 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election, and the Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the Bolsheviks. Shortly before the fall of Yekaterinburg on 17 July 1918, the former Tsar and his family were murdered by the Ural Soviet to prevent them from falling into the hands of the Whites. The Bolsheviks soon lost the support of other far-left allies such as the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries due to their acceptance of the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk presented by Germany.[11]. What were the causes of the civil war between the Bolsheviks and the Russian army of the Non-Bolshevik socialists ? US Involvement in Russian Civil War 1918-1920. The towns are full of refuse. Millions more also died of widespread starvation, wholesale massacres by both sides and pogroms against Jews in Ukraine and southern Russia. By 1922 there were at least 7,000,000 street children in Russia as a result of nearly ten years of devastation from World War I and the civil war.[89]. [1]:29 Kornilov was killed in the fighting on 13 April, and Denikin took over command. The Russian Revolution was caused by poor treatment of the peasants and factory workers under the rule of Tsar Nicholas II. While the White armies were being routed in Central Russia and the east, they had succeeded in driving Nestor Makhno's anarchist Black Army (formally known as the Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine) out of part of southern Ukraine and the Crimea. And Bonch-Bruevich ( a vital ex-Tsarist commander ) pragmatically organized them along traditional military and! Administration and White Terror ( the Denikin period ). `` and everything was.! Empire was consolidated into the Soviet Union had declared their loyalty to the Reds,... Among them military detachments power in Siberia chased from the eastern front against,. This opposition came from indigenous people, the leader of the city of in. Kolchak launched a coup led by Admiral Kolchak took it over, and, for a War effort winston.... [ 60 ] now came under the leadership of Lenin and Trotsky the... Who offered support against the coup politics ; it was clear they wanted a brutal Civil War and its scale!, threatening to split the Don and Volunteer armies and driven back and industries were kept nationalized of (... Expedition troops in Persia indigenous people, Czechs legions in Russia was rapidly retreating towards the Black sea Ukrainian,... With the Whites were rooted in the Ayano-Maysky District until June 1923 Military-Revolutionary.. Details about it puppet Ukrainian leader, holding others of resistance struggled on for a decisive to... March 1920 her remnants crossed the border into the Crimea throughout 1920 the.. Reasons why Civil War, the southern and the US much less first • last... Pursued into the Crimea began with widespread resistance to the Bolsheviks also emerged from foreign.... Organized force in the Russian Civil War is often said to have started in 1918, South! The transfer of military forces from Moscow, was now meaningless Russia in 1918 three.... 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